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Consider the following statements:
1. The formal British rule in India was commenced in 1858.
2. The dual or double Government system led to the creation of the Native states or the Princely States.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is incorrect.The formal British rule in India is understood to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, after this battle, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company. Henceforth the British Company transformed from a commercial trading venture to a political entity which virtually ruled India. Thus, it acquired auxiliary governmental and military functions, until its dissolution in 1858 when, consequent to the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India.
• Statement 2 is incorrect. After the decline of the Mughal Empire in the first half of the eighteenth century, the political vacuum was filled by the rise of regional states like Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh, Punjab and Maratha Kingdoms. The British East India Company adopted three methods to expand the British Empire. They were:
1. Wars and conquests,
2. Subsidiary Alliance System, and
3. the annexation of territories through the adaptation of doctrine of lapse.
• The second method was the use of subsidiary agreements (sanad) between the British and the local rulers. This development created what came to be called the Native States, or the Princely States. The Subsidiary Alliances method was also introduced by Lord Wellesley in and after 1798. Under this alliance system, the British agreed to protect the Indian rulers against external threats and internal disorder but, in return, the Indian rulers who accepted the Subsidiary Alliance system were to agree to the stationing of British contingent for whose maintenance they would pay a subsidy to the British.
• The subsidiary alliances created the Princely States (or the Native States) of the Maharajas and the Nawabs, prominent among which were: Cochin (1791), Jaipur (1794), Travancore (1795), Hyderabad (1798) and Mysore (1799).
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is incorrect.The formal British rule in India is understood to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, after this battle, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company. Henceforth the British Company transformed from a commercial trading venture to a political entity which virtually ruled India. Thus, it acquired auxiliary governmental and military functions, until its dissolution in 1858 when, consequent to the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India.
• Statement 2 is incorrect. After the decline of the Mughal Empire in the first half of the eighteenth century, the political vacuum was filled by the rise of regional states like Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh, Punjab and Maratha Kingdoms. The British East India Company adopted three methods to expand the British Empire. They were:
1. Wars and conquests,
2. Subsidiary Alliance System, and
3. the annexation of territories through the adaptation of doctrine of lapse.
• The second method was the use of subsidiary agreements (sanad) between the British and the local rulers. This development created what came to be called the Native States, or the Princely States. The Subsidiary Alliances method was also introduced by Lord Wellesley in and after 1798. Under this alliance system, the British agreed to protect the Indian rulers against external threats and internal disorder but, in return, the Indian rulers who accepted the Subsidiary Alliance system were to agree to the stationing of British contingent for whose maintenance they would pay a subsidy to the British.
• The subsidiary alliances created the Princely States (or the Native States) of the Maharajas and the Nawabs, prominent among which were: Cochin (1791), Jaipur (1794), Travancore (1795), Hyderabad (1798) and Mysore (1799).
With reference to the growth of the colonial administrative apparatus in India, which one of the following sometimes described as the "half-loaf system"?
Explanation:
• The Pitt’s India Act of 1784 sometimes described as the “half-loaf system”, as it sought to mediate between Parliament and the company directors, enhanced Parliament’s control by establishing the Board of Control, whose members were selected from the British cabinet.
• Lord Cornwallis (governor-general from 1786 to 1793) professionalized, bureaucratized, and Europeanized the company's administration. He also outlawed private trade by company employees, separated the commercial and administrative functions, and enhanced the salaries of the company's servants.
Explanation:
• The Pitt’s India Act of 1784 sometimes described as the “half-loaf system”, as it sought to mediate between Parliament and the company directors, enhanced Parliament’s control by establishing the Board of Control, whose members were selected from the British cabinet.
• Lord Cornwallis (governor-general from 1786 to 1793) professionalized, bureaucratized, and Europeanized the company's administration. He also outlawed private trade by company employees, separated the commercial and administrative functions, and enhanced the salaries of the company's servants.
Consider the following statements.
1. The vrathapani painting is made exclusively with a pen.
2. The Zardozi method of embroidery implies retaining thread below the fabric by craftsman.
3. In Chikankari embroidery method, white threads are used to make flowers and other beautiful patterns.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Explanation:
• Kalamkari painting or vrathapani from Andhra Pradesh demonstrates the variety of natural materials used to create a work of art. Kalamkari means ëpen workí in Persian and refers to both printed and painted cloth. In the seventeenth century Persian influences led to artists experimenting with the depiction of trees, fruits, flowers and ornamental birds.
• The painting is made exclusively with a pen, the kalam made out of a bamboo sliver wound at one section with wool and then dyed with natural colours. Black ink is used to make outlines, and jaggery, rusted iron filings and water are used for making colours to fill in details. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Statement 2 is correct. Zardozi is an applique (ornamental needlework in which pieces of fabric) method of embroidery. With one hand the craftman holds a retaining thread below the fabric. In the other he holds a hook or a needle with which he picks up the applique materials. Then he passes the needle or hock through the fabric.
• Zardozi embroidery work involves making elaborate designs, using gold and silver threads. Further adding to the magnificence of the work are the studded pearls and precious stones. This embroidery work is mainly a specialty of Lucknow, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Delhi, Agra, Kashmir, Mumbai, Ajmer and Chennai. It is believed that this form of embroidery came to India from Persia.
• Statement 3 is correct. Chikankari is a very delicate and intricate shadow work type of embroidery. This embroidery is done using white yarn, on colorless muslins known as tanzeb. However, today, georgette, chiffon, cotton and other fine fabrics are also being used. From being an embellishment used primarily for decorating clothes, Chikankari embroidery work of India has now spread to cushion covers, pillow covers, table linen and so on.
• Indian Chikan work basically consists of a number of processes, namely cutting, stitching, printing, embroidery, washing and finishing. Cutting and stitching are done by the same person. Then, printing is undertaken with wooden blocks dipped in dye. After this, embroidery is done, usually by women. Lucknow is famous for Chikankari.
Explanation:
• Kalamkari painting or vrathapani from Andhra Pradesh demonstrates the variety of natural materials used to create a work of art. Kalamkari means ëpen workí in Persian and refers to both printed and painted cloth. In the seventeenth century Persian influences led to artists experimenting with the depiction of trees, fruits, flowers and ornamental birds.
• The painting is made exclusively with a pen, the kalam made out of a bamboo sliver wound at one section with wool and then dyed with natural colours. Black ink is used to make outlines, and jaggery, rusted iron filings and water are used for making colours to fill in details. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Statement 2 is correct. Zardozi is an applique (ornamental needlework in which pieces of fabric) method of embroidery. With one hand the craftman holds a retaining thread below the fabric. In the other he holds a hook or a needle with which he picks up the applique materials. Then he passes the needle or hock through the fabric.
• Zardozi embroidery work involves making elaborate designs, using gold and silver threads. Further adding to the magnificence of the work are the studded pearls and precious stones. This embroidery work is mainly a specialty of Lucknow, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Delhi, Agra, Kashmir, Mumbai, Ajmer and Chennai. It is believed that this form of embroidery came to India from Persia.
• Statement 3 is correct. Chikankari is a very delicate and intricate shadow work type of embroidery. This embroidery is done using white yarn, on colorless muslins known as tanzeb. However, today, georgette, chiffon, cotton and other fine fabrics are also being used. From being an embellishment used primarily for decorating clothes, Chikankari embroidery work of India has now spread to cushion covers, pillow covers, table linen and so on.
• Indian Chikan work basically consists of a number of processes, namely cutting, stitching, printing, embroidery, washing and finishing. Cutting and stitching are done by the same person. Then, printing is undertaken with wooden blocks dipped in dye. After this, embroidery is done, usually by women. Lucknow is famous for Chikankari.
Consider the following statements:
1. Both Gandhi and Ambedkar advocated the parliamentary system of government for independent India.
2. Gandhi believed that freedom was never to be bestowed but to be wrested from the authority by the people who desire it, whereas Ambedkar expected to bestow of freedom by the imperial rulers.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Right Answer: B
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is incorrect. Gandhi and Ambedkar differed over the nature and scope of democracy as a method of government. Ambedkar advocated the parliamentary system of government for independent India, but Gandhi had very little respect for the parliamentary system of governance.
• Gandhi believed that democracy tends to get converted into mass democracy with a propensity for domination by leaders. Ambedkar was inclined towards mass democracy as it could act as a pressure on the government with the advancement of the oppressed people.
• Gandhi believed that freedom was never to be bestowed but to be wrested from the authority by the people who desire it, whereas Ambedkar expected to bestow of freedom by the imperial rulers. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Right Answer: B
Explanation:
• Statement 1 is incorrect. Gandhi and Ambedkar differed over the nature and scope of democracy as a method of government. Ambedkar advocated the parliamentary system of government for independent India, but Gandhi had very little respect for the parliamentary system of governance.
• Gandhi believed that democracy tends to get converted into mass democracy with a propensity for domination by leaders. Ambedkar was inclined towards mass democracy as it could act as a pressure on the government with the advancement of the oppressed people.
• Gandhi believed that freedom was never to be bestowed but to be wrested from the authority by the people who desire it, whereas Ambedkar expected to bestow of freedom by the imperial rulers. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Which of the following publications was/were published from a foreign land to encourage political activity among Indian immigrants?
1. Circular-e-Azad
2. Free Hindustan
3. Swadesh Sevak
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Explanation:
• The first stirrings of political activity among Indian immigrants became evident as early as 1907 when a Circular-e-Azad (Circular of liberty) was brought out by Ramnath Puri. He was a political exile. In Circular-e-Azad, he pledged support to the Swadeshi movement.
• Tarak Nath Das started the Free Hindustan and G.D. Kumar brought out a Gurrnukhi paper Swadesh Sevak advocating social reform and asking Indian troops to rise in revolt.
• By 1910, Das and Kumar had set up the United India House in Seattle in the USA and began lecturing every week to a group of Indian labourers. They also developed close links with the Khalsa Diwan Society which resulted in 1913 in a decision to send a deputation to meet the Colonial Secretary in London and the Viceroy and other officials in India. They failed to meet the Colonial Secretary, despite a wait of a month, but succeeded in securing an audience with the Viceroy and the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab. Their visit to Punjab became the occasion for a series of public meetings in different Punjab towns and enthusiastic support from the people and the press.
• Also, the paper Ghadar was launched on the first of November, 1913; the first issue was in Urdu followed a month later by the Gurmukhi version.
Explanation:
• The first stirrings of political activity among Indian immigrants became evident as early as 1907 when a Circular-e-Azad (Circular of liberty) was brought out by Ramnath Puri. He was a political exile. In Circular-e-Azad, he pledged support to the Swadeshi movement.
• Tarak Nath Das started the Free Hindustan and G.D. Kumar brought out a Gurrnukhi paper Swadesh Sevak advocating social reform and asking Indian troops to rise in revolt.
• By 1910, Das and Kumar had set up the United India House in Seattle in the USA and began lecturing every week to a group of Indian labourers. They also developed close links with the Khalsa Diwan Society which resulted in 1913 in a decision to send a deputation to meet the Colonial Secretary in London and the Viceroy and other officials in India. They failed to meet the Colonial Secretary, despite a wait of a month, but succeeded in securing an audience with the Viceroy and the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab. Their visit to Punjab became the occasion for a series of public meetings in different Punjab towns and enthusiastic support from the people and the press.
• Also, the paper Ghadar was launched on the first of November, 1913; the first issue was in Urdu followed a month later by the Gurmukhi version.